I thought the neon sign transformers had two high voltage connections on them that were on fairly large ceramic insulators--a couple of inches high. The lamp ballasts, by comparison, just had wires coming out of them, without the obvious insulators, which are necessary for the very high voltage of the neon signs.
The PCB may or may not be in the enclosures that don't say "no pcb". Some manufacturers didn't use pcb as insulating oil, even back then. You need to compare the name tags with the database that the EPA has...not exactly sure, but Canada has one of those databases, with photos to aid in identification. Your scrap yard might be able to help you here.
As for the location of the actual PCB, it is not just "everywhere" inside the ballast container, but was inside of a small capacitor that was in there with the transformer coils. The whole mess was then potted with tar. There can be some contamination of the tar if the capacitor was leaky.
PCB won't kill you instantly... it isn't a real bad actor, but bioaccumulates and will build up in your system, since the body doesn't know how to get rid of it. Back in the DEW line days of early warning radar in Nothern Canada, guys apparently deep fried food with it. And it was accidentally mixed in cooking oil in a city in Japan...called Minimata disease or something like that. When you burn PCB oil, it gives off some REAL bad actors in the forms of dioxins and furans.
So don't run around screaming if you figure you have something that has PCB. Use rubber gloves if you have something leaking and contain it. The biggest issue is to find out how to safely and legally dispose of it, which I'm guessing differs for each state. It probably can be taken in (in small quantities) with the toxic waste that the local disposal sites have to deal with.
Hope this helps,
Jon.
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